Phytochemical Screening and antioxidant activity antibacterial activity for Ephedra altissima plant growing in city of Alkums libya

  • Ismail M. Awheda Chemistry Department, Faculty Of Science, Al-Mergib University, Alkhoms, Libya
  • Fathi A. Smida Chemistry Department, Faculty Of Science, Al-Mergib University, Alkhoms, Libya
  • Aisha Abdullah Salem Fattoul Chemistry Department, Faculty Of Science, Al-Mergib University, Alkhoms, Libya.
DOI https://doi.org/10.58916/jhas.v10i3.886
Published: 2025-07-20
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Abstract

This study aimed to estimate the natural products in the plant Ephedra altissima by qualitatively assessing its chemical compound content through tests for chemical groups in both aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts. The yield of extraction using water was 12.881%, which was higher compared to the yield using ethyl acetate at 3.73%. The chemical analysis of the aerial parts of the studied plants (Ephedra altissima) revealed the presence of compounds such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phytosterols, tannins, flavonoids, proteins, and terpenoids. The chemical analysis of the aqueous extract of Ephedra altissima showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phytosterols, flavonoids, and terpenoids, while the ethyl acetate extract contained alkaloids, carbohydrates, phytosterols, tannins, flavonoids, proteins, and terpenoids.

It was noted that the aqueous extract of Ephedra altissima did not contain proteins or tannins, while saponins were not detected in the ethyl acetate extract.

Quantitative and qualitative estimations of chemical compounds were conducted using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), which revealed the presence of several compounds in significant quantities in the studied plant. The results indicated that the aerial parts of Ephedra altissima contained 26 chemical substances, with the most abundant compounds being: 28.76% Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester and 34.74% Hexadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester. The highest abundant compound in the aerial parts of the caper plant was 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester.

Furthermore, antioxidant activity was studied using the DPPH test to estimate the antioxidant effectiveness, with the results showing that the extract of Ephedra altissima had a low IC50 value, indicating increased antioxidant activity of the sample.

Thus, it can be concluded that the aerial parts of Ephedra altissima exhibit antioxidant activity with a value of approximately 13.49 µg/mL. When comparing these results with ascorbic acid (8.041), which is used as an antioxidant, it can be said that the extracts showed lower antioxidant activity than the reference compound.

Finally, the antibacterial effects of the plant extracts were studied by testing their antibacterial effectiveness against two pathogenic bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results showed that the aqueous extract of Ephedra altissima demonstrated inhibitory activity against the gram-negative Escherichia coli, with a larger inhibition zone of 10 mm compared to the ethyl acetate extract, which had an inhibition zone of 6 mm. Conversely, the inhibition activity of the aqueous extract against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus showed lower inhibitory activity with a zone of 6 mm compared to the ethyl acetate extract, which had an inhibition zone of 12 mm.

Keywords: Ephedra altissima Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus alkaloids antioxidant flavonoids

How to Cite

Ismail M. Awheda, Fathi A. Smida, & Aisha Abdullah Salem Fattoul. (2025). Phytochemical Screening and antioxidant activity antibacterial activity for Ephedra altissima plant growing in city of Alkums libya. Bani Waleed University Journal of Humanities and Applied Sciences, 10(3), 511-524. https://doi.org/10.58916/jhas.v10i3.886
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Author Biography

  • Ismail M. Awheda, Chemistry Department, Faculty Of Science, Al-Mergib University, Alkhoms, Libya

    الاســــم : د. اسماعيل مختار سالم وحيدة                                                                                                       

       جامعــــة المرقب - كليـــــة العلوم - قسم الكيمياء

       الوظيفة الحالية: عضو هيئة تدريس.    المؤهل العلمي: دكتوراه.   الدرجة العلمية: أستاذ مساعد                                                                  

       الجنسيــة: ليبي

       الحالة الاجتماعية/ متزوج + 5 أطفال

       البريد الالكتروني imsa242171@gmail.com  هاتف/   0923514884

       العنوان السكن مدينة زليتن – ليبيا

    * المؤهلات العلمية التي حصلت عليها :-

    1-  بكالوريوس علوم(تخصص كيمياء) 1993م من كلية العلوم – جامعة قاريونس.

    2- دبلوم عالي في الكيمياء من جامعة ناصر 1998م

    3-  ماجستير في كيمياء زيت الزيتون 2004م من كلية علوم الاغذية بجامعة بيروجيا - ايطاليا

    4-  دكتوراه الفلسفة في العلوم – الكيمياء – تخصص دقيق ( تخليق عضوي و حيوي ) 2012م من كلية العلوم جامعة نوتنجهام ترنت- بريطانيا.

    * الماجستير  في كيمياء زيت الزيتون: (تحت اشراف المجلس الدولي للزيتون. قرطبة - اسبانيا) 

    :  2004   International Master Degree in Oil Manufactures and Olive Processing Technologies.                  

    Research area:       Olive Oil Chemistry

    The Topic:            Influence of the new extraction methods on the chemical specifications

                                  and quality of the virgin olive oil,                                                    عنوان رسالة الماجستير  

                                    تأثير الطرق الحديثة المستخدمة في استخلاص زيت الزيتون علي المواصفات الكيميائية لزيت الزيتون البكر

    Study supervisors:1- Prof. Gianfrancesco Montedoro, e-mail  montegia@unipg.it

                                   2- Prof. Maurizio Servili., e-mail: servimau@unipg.it

                                   Dipartimento - Scienze economico-estimative e degli alimenti,

                                   Sezione di tecnologie e biotecnologie degli alimenti,

                                   (Department of Food Science) 

                                   Phone: +39 07 558 57942 Fax: +39 07 558 57916

                                   Via San Costanzo 06121 Perugia, Italy

                                   http://www.agr.unipg.it/index.aspx?m=53&did=298

    Place of study:      Department of Food Science, Via San Costanzo 06121 Perugia, Italy

                                   Phone: +39 07 558 57942 Fax: +39 07 558 57916                             

                                   http://www.agr.unipg.it/index.aspx?m=53&did=298

                                   Faculty of Agriculture, University of Perugia,

                                   Piazza dell' Università 1, 06123 Perugia

                                   Tel. 0755851 http://www.unipg.it  Perugia, Italy.

     

    2003  International Master Degree in Olive Oil Techniques.    ماجستير دولي في تقنيات صناعة زيت الزيتون

     

    Place of study:      Experimental Institute for Olive Processing Technologies, 

                                   Via Nursina 2-06049, Spoleto, PG, Italia, Tel.+39 0743 49743,

                                   Faculty of Agriculture, University of Perugia,

                                   Piazza dell' Università 1, 06123 Perugia

                                   Tel. +39 0755851 http://www.unipg.it  Perugia, Italy.

    The Topic:            Olive Industry and Oil Processing Technology,

    Study supervisor: Dr. Seferrio Bandrufli,   

     

    * عنوان رسالة الدكتوراه :

           Applications for the Activation of Hydroxyl Groups to Nucleophilic Attack..             

    Research and Study Supervisor:  Professor John D Wallis

    School of Science and Technology, Chemistry department, Nottingham Trent University.

    Telephone                           Fax                               Email

    +44 (0)115 848 8077          +44 (0)115 848 8053    john.wallis@ntu.ac.uk
    Clifton campus, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG11 8NS. United Kingdom.

    * دبلوم عالي فى الكيمياء من كلية العلوم جامعة ناصر 1998 م

    • Arabic Language (native language) اللغة العربية (اللغة الام)
    • Italian Language (fluent) اللغة الايطالية  جيدة جدا                                       

    * دبلوم عالي فى اللغة الايطالية من جامعة اللغات للاجانب – بيروجيا - ايطاليا

    Italian Language Training Courses, (Oct. 2001 – Dec.2002):

    Diploma in Italian language, University for Foreign Students

    Palazzo Galienga, Piazza Fortebraccio 4, 06122 Perugia

    Tel: +39 075-57461,   http://www.unistrapg.it/ Academic Year 2001 – 2002.

    • English Language (fluent) اللغة الانجليزية جيدة جدا

    * دبلوم عالي فى اللغة الانجليزية من معهد اي ال اس – نوتنجهام - بريطانيا

    English Language Training Courses:

    • (June 2008 – Dec 2008) General and Academic English Language courses, ILS English college, 33 Clarendon Park,Clumber Avenue, Nottingham,NG5 1AH, United Kingdom.Tel: +44 (0)115 969 2424, Fax: +44 (0)115 962 1452,  Email: enquiries@ilsenglish.com.

    دبلوم عالي فى اللغة الانجليزية من معهد فكتوريا– نوتنجهام - بريطانيا

    • January 2009, Intensive English course at Victoria College Nottingham, 263, Radford House, Radford House, Radford Boulevard, Nottingham, NG7 5QG, United Kingdom.

          Telephone:  0115 978 6116, Web: http://www.vcn.ac

    Membership in Societies:                                           التدرج الوظيفي النشاطات العلمية

    • معلم مادة الكيمياء بمدرسة بدر الكبري زليتن 1994م – 1995 م
    • معيد بقسم الكيمياء بكلية العلوم جامعة المرقب 1995م .
    • مساعد محاضر بقسم الكيمياء بكلية العلـوم – جامعة المرقب 2004م .
    • محاضر بقسم الكيمياء بكلية العلوم – جامعة المرقب 2013 م.
    • استاذ مساعد بقسم الكيمياء بكلية العلوم – جامعة المرقب 2016م
    • رئيس قسم الكيمياء بكلية العلوم الخمس 2013-2015م
    • مدير مركز البحوث و الاستشارات بكلية العلوم جامعة المرقب من 2014م – 2016 م
    • رئيس قسم الكيمياء الحيوية بكلية الطب البشري بالجامعة الاسمرية
    • مدير مكتب الدراسات العليا و التدريب بكلية الطب البشري بالجامعة الاسمرية.
    • وكيل الشؤون العلمية لكلية الدراسات العليا بالجامعة الاسمرية.
    • مكلف بوكيل الشؤون العلمية بكلية الطب البشري بالجامعة الاسمرية منذ 2016 الي الان
    • رئيس الفريق البحثي (التقييم البيوكيميائي للمياه الجوفية والبيئة البحرية للشريط الساحلي لمدن الخمس و زليتن و مصراتة).
    • عضو في اللجنة التأسيسية و التسييرية لكلية الدراسات العليا بالجامعة الاسمرية
    • عضو في اللجنة التأسيسة لكلية الصحة العامة و التمريض بالجامعة الاسمرية.
    • عضو في اللجنة التأسيسة لكلية الصيدلة بالجامعة الاسمرية.
    • عضو في اسرة التحرير لمجلة الاسمرية للعلوم الطبية.
    • Union of Arab Biologists 2010 till date.
    • Royal Society of Chemistry, (UK) 2011-2012.
    • Society of Chemistry and Industry 2009-2012.
    • Jabir Ibn Hayan Chemical Society 2010.

    Achieved Activities and jobs:          المؤتمرات العلمية والبحوث العلمية المنشورة

    1. Poster presentation “ Enantiopure vic-Dithiol synthesis from vic-Diols” at 2nd International Conference of Plant Biodiversity on March 2014, Marrakech, Morocco.
    2. Presentation “Preparation of Chiral Organic Conducting Materials and Investigations of Bond Formation In Peri-Naphthalene Systems” at The 44th IUPAC World Chemistry Congress, August, 2013, Istanbul Turkey.
    3. Poster presentation “Activation of Alcohols to Nucleophilic Substitution” at RSC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY MIDLANDS SECTION MEETING, 13th April 2012, University of Warwick.
    4. Matteo Zecchini, Ismail Awheda,Milena Guziak, Lee Martinb and John D. Wallis, NEW ORGANOSULFUR DONORS – PROGRESS IN THE PREPARATION OF CHIRAL AND OLIGOMERIC SYSTEMS at School of Pharmacy, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire.
    5. Poster presentation at the 13th Belgian Organic Synthesis Symposium (BOSS XIII) Leuven, Belgium-15-20 July 2012.
    6. Poster presentation at the Challenges in Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology (ISACS) 12-15 May 2012.
    7. Attend the School of Science and Technology Research Conference. 9th - 10th May, 2012 Nottingham Trent University.
    8. Poster presentation at the Regional Organic Chemistry meeting, April 13th 2012, at Warwick University, UK.
    9. Presentation at 1st International Conference on Pharmacy Education in Era of Globalization January 24th 26th 2012 Nizwa University, Oman.
    10. Poster Presentation in the 17th European Symposium on Organic Chemistry (ESOC 2011) at Hersonissos, in Crete, Greece, July, 2011.
    11. Attend the School of Science and Technology Research Conference. 9th - 10th May, 2011 Nottingham Trent University.
    12. Oral Presentation and Poster Presentation at School of Science and Technology Research Conference. 11th - 12th May, 2010 Nottingham Trent University.
    13. Oral Presentation in the 14th Arab Biologists International Conference of the United Arab Biologists Society, Suez Canal University, Egypt, 2007. (The impact of modern methods of extraction and chemical specifications on the quality of virgin olive oil).
    14. Oral Presentation in the13th International Conference of Union of Arab Biologists, faculty of science, Bany- Sweaf University, 2006.
    15. Attended the Seminar and Congress under the title “Gemplasma Olivicolo Etipicitia dell Olio” 05-12-2003, Perugea University, Italy.
    16. Oral presentation in the 1st Congress for Olive Tree which conducted in Baniwalid, Libya February 22-23/2006 under the title “Specifications and chemical quality of virgin olive oil”.
    17. Attended the International Congress for Chemical Technology which conducted in Sebah University in the year 2006 under the title of “making some of the products of permidine compound in the chemical national Congress”.
    18. Comprehensive field study of Tarhunah and Mslath Libya, (Olive cultivation and quality of olive oil in Libya, 2001 - 2002).
    19. Oral presentation in the Second Scientific Conference on the olive tree. 27-29 May 2007. Faculty of Science – Gharyan, Libya. Study the quality of olive oil consumer area of Zliten and Al-Khoms.
    20. Art and Science Research Seminars weekly 2009 - 2012.
    21. Group meeting every week at School of Science and Technology Chemistry department, Nottingham Trent University since February 2009 till 2012.

    Personal Skills:                      

    • Hard working, set and achieves goals, ability to work under pressure within team or individually, cooperative, self-motivated and team supporter, and accept direction and follow instructions.
    • Well-organized, act responsibly, make good decisions, can solve problems.
    • Experience in synthetic organic chemistry and outstanding expertise in analyzing and identifying organic compounds by modern analytical techniques (NMR, FT-IR, UV-VIS, GC/MS, LC/MS etc.).
    • Highly skilled in organic chemicals separation and purification by traditional and modern methods (Flash Chromatography, Recristallisation etc.).
    • Adept in SciFinder Scholar, ACD/Labs NMR Processors, ChemBioDraw and excellent computer skills, in addition to good communication and presentation skills.
    • Demonstrated ability and extensive hands-on experience in designing and executing multi-step synthesis, optimizing chemical processes and scale-up of synthetic methods.

    Personal Interest:                  

    • Design and development of new methods in organic synthesis.
    • Environmental research in pollution and harms to public health.
    • Learn new skills and new techniques in chemistry.
    • Attendance, development and implementation of training courses.
    • Reading about recent technologies and scientific news.
    •  

    Future Ambitions:

    In the academic side, I am looking forward to continue teaching, academic research and working with other research groups. This will help developing my teaching skills and widen my background in Organic Chemistry science field. Also, I can imagine myself more motivated to work more actively in fields of:

    • Organic Synthesis of Small-Molecule that can be used as building blocks for organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry
    • Make a new molecules Based on the experience I gained from my current work and training during last three years.
    • Research development in chemistry and project team work: because of my specialty in chemistry, and the experience that I have.

    Recent Publications:

    1. Ismail Awheda a, Sara J. Krivickas a, Songjie Yang a, Lee Martin a, Milena A. Guziak a, Andrew C. Brooks a,b, Frederic Pelletier a, Melvyn Le Kerneau a, Peter Day b, Peter N. Horton c, Hiroki Akutsu d, John D. Wallis, Synthesis of new chiral organosulfur donors with hydrogen bonding functionality and their first charge transfer salts, Tetrahedron 69 (2013) 8738e8750
    2. Ismail Awheda,a Nezire Saygili,bC. Garnera and John D. Wallis*b “Activation and regioselectivity of five-membered cyclicthionocarbamates to nucleophilic attack” For Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry. The Royal Society of Chemistry 04 October 2013.
    3. Ismail M. Awheda, Fathi A. Smida and Ashok Kumar “Assessment of bioactive ingredient of five brands of Aspirin tablets in some pharmacies in Libya”. The First Symposium on Theories and Applications of Basic and Biosciences, 2014.
    4. Ashok Kumar, S. B. Singh and Ismail M. Awheda “Monoamine oxidase inhibitory and anticonvulsant activities of some substituted isatin semicarbazones” ISSN (online) 2319-7064, impact factor (2012) volume 3, issue 6, June 2014.
    5. Ashok Kumar, Galal. Zaiad, Ismail M. Awheda and Fuzy M. Fartas “Physico-chemical Analysis of Ground water in Different sites of Al-Khums City Libya” International Journal of Science and Research,volume 3, issue 7, July 2014, ISSN (online) 2319-7064, impact factor (2012) 3.358.
    6. Ismail Awheda, J.D. Wallis, “Preparation of vic-Dithiol Precursors by Cyclic Sulfate Chemistry and Thionation Reactions”, in preparation for Tetrahedron Letters. In advanced preparation.
    7. Ismail Awheda and Abuagla Y. Ahmeda “Fish as bioindicators of heavy metals pollution in marine environments: a review” In advanced preparation.
    8. Ismail Awheda, J.D. Wallis, “Preparation of vic-Dithiol Precursors by Cyclic Sulfate Chemistry and Thionation Reactions”, in preparation for Tetrahedron Letters. In advanced preparation.
    9. Ismail Awheda1, Abuagla Y. Ahmed, Fathi A. Smida, Salem S. Elwahaishi and Mohamed A. S. Fahej “Determination of Heavy Metals, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in Sargassum vulgar and Pterocladia capillacea Marine Algae in Libyan Coast of Al-Khoms“ International Journal of Advanced Research (2015), Volume 3, Issue 3, 384-389.
    10. Matteo Zecchini,a Ismail Awheda,a Milena Guziak,a Lee Martinb and John D. Wallis "New Organosulfur Donors–Progress in the Preparation of Chiral and Oligomeric System From molecules to molecular devices 10-14 September 2011, Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy.
    11. Ashok Kumar, S. B. Singh, Ismail M. Awheda ‘‘Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitory and Anticonvulsant Activities of Some Substituted Isatin Semicarbazones’’International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) Volume 3 Issue 6, June 2014.
    12. Ismail Awheda Abuagla Y. Ahmed Mohamed A. S. Fahej, Salem S. Elwahaishi Fathi A. Smida ‘‘Fish as bioindicators of heavy metals pollution in marine environments: a review, Indian Journal of Applied Research, Volume : 5 | Issue : 8 | August 2015.
    13. Ismail M. Awheda & John D. Wallis, Enantiopure vic-Dithiol synthesis from vic-Diols, 2nd International Conference of Plant Biodiversity, Marrakech 27 - 29 March 2014.
    14. Ismail Awheda - Activation of Alcohols to Nucleophilic Substitution, RSC Organic Chemistry Midlands Section Meeting, 13th April 2012, The University of Warwick, UK.
    15. Lee Martin, Ismail Awheda, Matteo Zecchini, Nerea Mercadal, Mateusz B. Pitak, Simon J. Coles, Gregory J. Rees, John V. Hanna and John D. Wallis ‘‘Preparation of Chiral Organic Conducting Materials and Investigations of Bond Formation In Peri-Naphthalene Systems’’.44th World Chemistry Congress, 11-16 August, 2013,Istanbul-Turkey.
    16. Ashok Kumar, Galal M. Zaiad, Ismail M. Awheda, Fuzy M. Fartas, Physico-Chemical Analysis of Ground Water in Different Sites of Al-khums City, Libya, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR),Volume 3 Issue 7, July 2014.

        تقدير بعض العناصر الثقيلة في سمك البوري غليظ الشفاه بسوق السمك, الخمس – ليبيا - 17   

            سالم صالح, حنان صالح أبوسديل  , أبوعاقلة يوسف أحمد,   ميلود الصيد الشعافي  إسماعيل مختار أوحيده

    18- Sameh A. Rizk1, Ismail M. Awheda , Fathi A. Smida, Synthesis and DFT Study of

          Newly Schiff Base and Fused Heterocyclic Compounds as Antibacterial Agent.

          JOURNALOF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY Vol 16 (2019) ISSN: 2321-807X

           https://cirworld.com/index.php/jac

    1. Ashok Kumar, S. B. Singh, Galal M. Zaiad, Ismail Awheda, Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of some semicarbazone derivatives of some carbonyl compounds, International Journal of Sciences & Applied Research, IJSAR, 7(2), 2020; 10-16.
    2. Muftah Adbulhadi Kadi, Ismail M. Awheda, Abdulhakim Ali Jangher and Fathi A. Smida, “Structure study of pyrolysis fuel oil in (Ras Lanuf Oil & Gas Processing Company) RASCO-LIBYA”, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, vol. 12, Issue 3, pp: 2229-5518 (2021).
    3. Abuagla Yousif Ahmed Ali, Ismail M. Awheda and Fathi A. Smida A comparative Study of Heavy Metals Bioaccumulation in Different Types of Marine Algae from the Sudanese Red Sea Coast, Bani Waleed University Journal of Humanities and Applied Sciences,
    • م -المجمد التاسع، العدد الثالث الصفحات (525- 515)
    1. Moktar M. ABURZEZA, Ismail M. AWHEDA, Wesam. A .KOLLAB & Alkhansa O. ABDULNNOUR. Some New 1,3-Thiazine and 1,3,4-Thiadiazole Derivatives with Study of their Biological Activities. Latin American Journal of Pharmacy, Lat. Am. J. Pharm. 44 (5): 453-8 (2025)

    Books:الكتب و المؤلفات                                                                                                                 

    • Practical Manual of Biochemistry by Ismail Awheda & Dr. Ashok Kumar, Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine Al Asmarya Islamic University, Zliten, LIBYA, منشورات الجامعة الاسمرية 2018
    • كيمياء المركبات الحلقية غير المتجانسة للدكتور اسماعيل مختار وحيدة قسم الكيمياء- كلية العلوم جامعة المرقب – ليبيا- منشورات الجامعة الاسمرية 2019

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