Bani Waleed University Journal of Humanities and Applied Sciences
A research paper entitled: Aspects of the health situation in Algeria during the French colonial period (1830-1914)
This research sheds light on the suffering of Algeria during the French colonial era, where health conditions deteriorated significantly as a result of the repressive policies adopted by the colonial administration. These policies led to the spread of epidemics and diseases throughout the country due to the lack of available healthcare services for Algerians, as well as the unsanitary living conditions and environment. This situation prompted The decline in healthcare forced Algerians to resort to traditional medicine as an alternative to French treatment, for two reasons: firstly, the deliberate French neglect in providing healthcare to Algerians, while all medical resources were devoted to serving French soldiers and settlers; and secondly, the attempts by French doctors and missionary movements to spread Christianity among the population. Locals were targeted and bribed with treatment.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Weak Local Revenue Collection on Local Government Investment Activities in the Absence of the National Budget: An Applied Study on the Local Authority in Hadhramaut Governorate, Yemen
This study dealt with the weak collection of financial resources and its impact on the implementation of the investment program of the local authority. The study aimed at identifying the extent of the weakness of collecting the financial resources by the local authority identifying the extent of the impact of political economical social administrative factors in collecting the financial sources in the local authority as well as identifying the extent of legal and procedural restrictions on the ability of administrative units to collect their resources together with identifying the extent of poor supervision and financial auditing on local funding sources. In order to identify the extent of the contribution of financial resources to the implementation of the investment program of the local authority, and to achieve the objectives of study, the descriptive analytical approach was used based on a questionnaire form as a tool for collecting the study data for a sample consisting of (46) individuals who were randomly chosen from (public finance in local authority, the general administration of local authority, and the branch of the Central Organization for Control and Accounting, Seiyun branch), the response rate was (83%), and accordingly the sample became (38). There were many conclusions among which the most distinguished ones were the level of availability of poor collection of financial resources is at a very high level, with an arithmetic mean of (4.20), and the level of availability of economic, political, administrative, and social factors is at a high level, too with an arithmetic mean of (4.14), the level of availability of legal and procedural restrictions is at a high level, with an arithmetic mean ( 3.99), and the level of availability of financial supervision and audit is at a high level, with an average arithmetic of (4.09). the level of availability of the contribution of financial resources to the implementation of investment program is at a high level, with an arithmetic mean of (3.87), likewise the level of availability of poor collection of financial resources is at a high level, with an arithmetic mean of (4.06). the level of availability of implementation investment program for the local authority is at a high level with a mean of (3.81). The study proved that there is no weakness in the collection of financial resources that affected the implementation of the investment program in the local authority, and the study came out with a number of recommendations, some the most distinguished ones are working to improve the methods of collecting financial resources by stopping tax evasion by commercial and industrial institutions, especially large taxpayers. Increasing tax awareness of the importance of tax as a source that achieves social and economic development in the country within the plans of the state. Giving good incentives to those in charge of collecting financial resources in a way that raises their efficiency in collections.
End of Administrative Contract: Basic Concepts and Legal Procedures
This research examines the concept of the termination of an administrative contract and the legal procedures related to it, defining it as "putting an end to a contract, thereby dissolving what remains of the contract after termination. However, what occurred before that has no effect." The research clarifies the fundamental differences between termination and other terms such as rescission, nullity, and withdrawal of work, noting that termination may occur in the public interest without fault on the part of the contracting party, while rescission requires fault. The research reviews the methods for terminating an administrative contract, distinguishing between natural termination, which occurs through the fulfillment of obligations or the expiration of the term, and unnatural termination, which includes termination by agreement, by force of law, judicial termination, administrative termination (for the public interest or as a penalty), or by the death of the contracting party. It also discusses the limits of the administration's authority to terminate a contract, emphasizing that it is not absolute, but rather restricted by conditions to ensure the public interest or as a punitive measure for non-compliance. The research concludes by clarifying the implications of contract termination, both in terms of compensation in the case of termination in the public interest, and financial consequences in the case of penal rescission.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This research aims to analyze the legal and regulatory framework for the penalties stipulated in Administrative Contracts Regulation No. 600 of 2024, the latest regulatory tool for administrative contracts in Libya. Penalties represent a key tool for ensuring that contractors with the administration comply with contract terms and implement them in a manner that serves the public interest and protects public funds. The research focused on examining the types of penalties included in the regulations, such as late payment fines, contract termination, confiscation, and others, highlighting the procedural guarantees surrounding their imposition. It also discussed the limits of the administration's discretionary power in imposing these penalties and their consistency with established legal principles in the field of administrative contracts. The researcher adopted a critical analytical approach, supported by comparison with some Arab legislative experiences. The research reached several conclusions, most notably the existence of a coherent, initial legal framework, with some gaps that require addressing. It also proposed a number of legislative and administrative recommendations to improve the effectiveness of the penalties system and enhance contractual justice.
Investigating the Effect of an Ambient Temperature on the Performance of domestic coolers (Case Study: Household Refrigerator type Beko)
Refrigeration is one of the most important requirements of life, as no modern home is without cooling instruments, whether refrigerators for storing food, or domestic air conditioners. A home refrigerator is a refrigeration device that uses electrical energy to do work to produce cooling. To maintain the performance of a refrigerator, there is a need to understand the performance coefficient of the refrigerator if the outdoor temperature is varied. In this research, the experiment work utilized a BECO house hold refrigerator as a model to study the effect of ambient temperature on the performance coefficient, the working refrigerant gas for this unit is an R-134a refrigerant. The setup included sensors in specific locations to measure the main parameters such temperatures, refrigerant pressures (low and high). From the practical results obtained, the parameters of the refrigerator’s performance inside the room were calculated at varying degrees (20oC to 38oC) and at different times of the day. The results obtained from this study showed that the average calculated performance coefficients decreased with increasing room temperature, and that the performance coefficient reaches its highest value at lower room temperature.
The Relationship between Social Support and Emotional Regulation among Secondary School Certificate Students in Bani Walid City
This research aimed to investigate the relationship between social support and emotional regulation among a sample of 300 male and female secondary school students in Bani Walid. To achieve the research objectives, the Social Support Scale and the Emotional Regulation Scale were used. After analyzing the statistical data, the results showed a positive correlation between social support and emotional regulation among the students, which contributed to improving their academic performance and reducing future psychological stress. The results also indicated statistically significant differences in the level of social support based on academic specialization (science, humanities) or gender (male, female). Similarly, the research revealed statistically significant differences in emotional regulation attributable to academic specialization and gender. The researcher recommended the importance of strengthening social support and developing emotional regulation skills among secondary school students by activating guidance programs and integrating the roles of family and school to meet the needs of this stage of their education.
Effect of adding DiAmmoniumPhoaphate (DAP)fertilizer on the growth and productivity of wheat (Kasi variety) growing in Al-Wasita region – Aljabal Al'akhdari- Libya
In order to evaluate some growth and yield indicators of wheat (Kasi variety) to words the fertilizer (DAP ) according to the recommended quantity (150kg/ ha), and control treatments, a field experiment was implemented in agriculyrue season of 2020/2021 in one of the local farms of Al-Waist area using randomized complete block design (RCBD), in three sectors with three replicates for the treatments in addition to control treatment. Statistical analysis of variants was used of obtained results, and average were estimated using (0.05 LSD). The results showed that, the fertilizer treatment was significantly superior to the control in the growth and productivity of wheat plants.
Seller and Buyer Obligations in the Contract of Sale of a Commercial Establishment
Le contrat de vente d'un local commercial crée des obligations réciproques pour le vendeur et l'acheteur, visant à assurer le transfert du bien commercial dans son intégralité et à préserver sa valeur. Le vendeur a deux obligations principales : l'obligation de livraison, qui consiste à mettre à la disposition de l'acheteur tous les éléments corporels et incorporels du local convenus, et l'obligation de garantie, qui comprend la garantie contre les défauts apparents et cachés. L'obligation de non-concurrence est une obligation essentielle du vendeur, qui s'engage à ne pas exercer d'activité similaire ni à ouvrir un établissement concurrent dans la zone convenue, afin de garantir le transfert de la clientèle et la réputation commerciale de l'acheteur. En contrepartie, l'acheteur a deux obligations fondamentales : payer le prix convenu selon les modalités et à la date prévues au contrat, et prendre possession du local commercial et de tous les documents y afférents. En cas de manquement à ces obligations, la partie lésée est en droit d'exiger l'exécution forcée ou la résolution du contrat et de réclamer des dommages-intérêts conformément aux règles générales du droit civil et commercial.
Scattering Cross Section of Thomson Due to Magneto hydrodynamic Effects
We derive the Thomson scattering differential cross section for a non-relativistic, magnetized plasma in the magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) regime and compute the corresponding dynamic structure factor . Using MHD dispersion relations (Alfven, fast and slow magneto sonic modes), we show how the collective excitations modify the Thomson scattering spectrum: in addition to the elastic (Rayleigh) peak and cyclotron features, the spectrum exhibits pairs of Brillion-like peaks associated with fast and slow magneto sonic waves. We present a numerical simulation of the factor that demonstrates the relative positions and widths of these peaks for representative plasma parameters. These results are relevant for interpreting Thomson-scattering diagnostics in magnetized high-density plasmas
The policy of lifting fuel subsidies in Libya: causes and consequences
This study aims to analyze Libya's fuel subsidy removal policy by exploring the reasons behind the government's proposal and assessing its economic and social repercussions. The research relies on an analysis of economic data, government reports, and previous studies on energy subsidies, focusing on their impact on the public budget and the local economy. The findings indicate that generous fuel subsidies burden the public budget, lead to resource waste and exploitation by unintended beneficiaries, encourage fuel smuggling to neighboring countries, and further strain the local economy. Any modification to the subsidy policy must be accompanied by exchange rate reforms to ensure the effectiveness of the measures and mitigate the effects of inflation. The study recommends converting in-kind subsidies into direct cash transfers for the most vulnerable groups, increasing transparency and communication with the public, stimulating local investment in the energy sector, and expanding social protection programs to mitigate the impact of rising prices on vulnerable households.
Predicting Road Accidents in Bani Walid, Libya, Using Neural Network Artificial Intelligence
Road safety is one of the most essential elements that must be present on any road, as it is concerned with preserving the lives of road users, as well as protecting private and public property, reducing financial costs, and saving time and effort. This research aims to improve traffic safety by attempting to predict the future pattern of accidents using artificial intelligence and to provide an idea and an early warning if the current accident rate continues in the study city (Bani Walid). The available accident data from the city’s traffic center for the past twelve years (2013–2024) was analyzed, organized, and then used to feed machine learning models in MATLAB after training the models in order to forecast the number of accidents in the future for the years 2025–2030. The focus was placed on the most important accident statistics indicators: ''number of fatalities, serious injuries, and number of damaged vehicles''. The results indicate a noticeable overall increase in future statistics, especially in fatalities, where the model, based on previous patterns, predicted that the number of fatalities will continue to rise, exceeding 50 deaths per year, with 65 serious injuries and 110 damaged vehicles. This highlights the urgent need to implement road safety strategies immediately.
Educational games and their role in developing mathematical thinking skills among primary school students from the perspective of teachers in Benghazi, by the two researchers
This study aimed to explore the role of educational games in developing certain mathematical thinking skills among primary school students from the perspective of teachers in Benghazi. It also sought to identify whether there are statistically significant differences attributed to variables such as educational qualification, specialization, and teaching experience. The researcher adopted the descriptive method for the study and used a questionnaire as the data collection tool. The questionnaire consisted of 21 items distributed across three main themes: competitive games, construction games, and puzzle games. The study was conducted on a randomly selected sample of 193 male and female teachers from the original population during the academic year 2023/2024.The results of the study revealed that educational games play a very important role in developing some mathematical thinking skills. The findings also indicated that there were no statistically significant differences at the significance level (α = 0.05) in the teachers’ responses based on gender, academic qualification, specialization, educational qualification, or professional experience. The study concluded that educational games stimulate and assist students in focusing, being patient, drawing conclusions, and achieving a more accurate understanding of mathematical concepts. They also help students develop logical thinking, self-expression, and personality formation. The study recommended that educational games should be integrated as a fundamental teaching method in early stages of primary education. It also emphasized the importance of raising teachers' awareness about the role of educational games in enhancing the educational process.
Demographic, economic, and spatial transformations in Libya during the Italian agricultural settlement period (1911-1943): A geographical study
This research addresses the topic of "Demographic and Spatial Changes Associated with Agricultural Settlement in Libya During Italian Colonization (1911–1943)." It highlights how Italian agricultural settlement projects caused significant transformations in population structure and the spatial framework of Libyan lands, particularly in areas such as Tripoli, the Jefara plains, and Misrata. The study aims to analyze the impact of Italian agricultural settlement on the demographic composition of Libyan agricultural regions, examine spatial changes and infrastructure resulting from settlement projects, and assess the economic and social implications of land conversion to Italian ownership and the marginalization of local inhabitants. To achieve these objectives, the research adopts a historical-analytical approach to track settlement policies and their temporal dimensions, along with a geographic-spatial methodology to analyze population distribution patterns and land use. Research tools include statistical tables, historical maps, and official quantitative data from the Italian settlement administration, as well as references to academic studies related to the topic. The study yields several findings, among the most prominent: On the demographic level, the number of Italian settlers in agricultural areas increased significantly while local populations were marginalized, leading to a reconfiguration of population structure. On the spatial level, settlement projects converted fertile lands into planned agricultural settlements, introducing irrigation networks, agricultural roads, and modern infrastructure that altered the spatial characteristics of the region. On the economic and social level, settlement created a severe class divide between settlers and native inhabitants, depriving Libyans of land ownership and turning them into agricultural workers on settler farms. The research demonstrates that Italian agricultural settlement was not merely a productive endeavor but a complex colonial policy that reshaped Libyan society geographically and socially, leaving lasting effects that are still evident in population geography and economic structures today
Radiation effects on blood cells among radiological employees in Benghazi hospitals
Background: Radiology personnel subjected to excessive x-ray radiations are susceptible to develop life-threatening diseases often related with hematopoietic disorders. he inherent radiosensitivity of this system means that peripheral blood counts can function as a robust biological indicator of dose for such injury. Materials and methods: The study aimed to assess the biological impact of radiation on blood components and their correlation with the occupational tenure in the field of radiation. The investigation was conducted at the Department of Hematology, Benghazi (DHB) during 2021; included two groups involved of 37 workers and 37 non-exposed, healthy X-ray technicians for comparison (23 males and 14 females) with ages ranging from 20 to70 years, who were selected via random sampling from the radiology departments from multiple medical centers in Benghazi. These X-ray technicians had an 8-hour workday a day five days per week. Results: The findings demonstrate that there no statistically notable difference was recorded between the two groups hematological parameters. Except for MCHC, there were statistically substantial disparities between the two groups, p = 0.009 for the workers and 0.116 for the control group, and this indicates that there is a correlation between the effect of low radiation dose and late effects. Conclusions: The study illustrated that; the Chronic exposure to X-ray could lead to a negative impact on the hematological parameters of radiology workers. Necessitating an interventional occupational health strategy with the aim of protecting workers by providing the PPE.
Economic and agricultural activity in the ancient city of Qirza during the Roman era As depicted in architectural paintings
This study examines the agricultural activity in the ancient city of Qirza during the Roman era, that is, since it fell under Roman control during the Severan dynasty in 193 AD, the time of its founding, its naming, its economic importance in the sub-Saharan region, its role in the trade movement of the cities of the Tripolitania region, in addition to studying scenes of daily life that the people of Qirza were practicing at that time, including hunting, herding, agriculture, industry and trade, all of which is based on the material sources of the archaeological monuments, the architectural sculptures on the tombs of Qirza, and what historians wrote about the city of Qirza in the pre-Saharan region, during the Roman Empire era.
Intellectual capital and its relationship to achieving competitive advantage in Libyan public commercial banks: A field study on public commercial banks operating in the city of Benghazi
This study aimed to identify the reality of intellectual capital in its three dimensions (human capital, structural capital, and relational capital) and its role in achieving competitive advantage in commercial banks operating in the city of Benghazi. The descriptive-analytical approach was employed, and data were collected through the use of a questionnaire, Given the relatively small size of the study population (72 employees) at the higher and middle administrative levels, the comprehensive survey method was adopted to ensure greater accuracy and reliability of results. After distributing the questionnaires, (69) valid responses were retrieved, following a thorough review, four incomplete questionnaires were excluded, leaving (65) valid forms for statistical analysis, with a response rate of (85%), the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to conduct the analysis, the findings revealed that the application of intellectual capital dimensions in commercial banks was at a high level. Similarly, the three dimensions of intellectual capital showed a high level of influence on achieving competitive advantage, the study also demonstrated the existence of a strong positive and statistically significant correlation (α ≤ 0.05) between intellectual capital, with all its dimensions, and the achievement of competitive advantage in the commercial banks under study.
The Economic and Social Impacts of Financial and Administrative Corruption A Case Study of the Municipalities of Wadi al-Shati in Libya
The study aimed to diagnose the problem of financial and administrative corruption, identify its causes and the underlying effects behind its rapid spread, as well as its manifestations and identify the experiences of some countries that have made progress in combating the problem of financial and administrative corruption. The study was based on several questions, the most important of which are: What are the causes of corruption in Libyan society? What are the mechanisms and strategies that can be implemented to combat corruption? A set of conclusions was reached, the most important of which are: The problem of administrative corruption is widespread in government departments, and there is no real political will to confront its manifestations. Furthermore, Parliament is very weak in combating the phenomenon of administrative corruption. Bribery, one of the manifestations of administrative corruption in Libya, has become a ubiquitous element in daily administrative work and is practiced by public sector employees. Therefore, we find that corruption is spreading and expanding on a large scale. If a radical solution is not put in place, it will lead to the collapse of the country's economy and hinder the wheel of development through the massive embezzlement of public funds and the failure to hold accountable those who commit these financial crimes. The study recommends the activation of the judicial system and the implementation of rulings issued against corrupt individuals, as well as strengthening oversight of administrative decisions issued by the executive authority. It also recommends the promotion of awareness of the nature, forms, and dangers of corruption among the general public in order to reduce the problem of corruption and encourage citizens to report widespread corruption in government sectors.
Analysis of the impact of economic and social variables and their effect on agricultural resources in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar
The study generally aims to study some economic and social variables and their impact on some agricultural economic resources in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, and the results of the estimation of simple standard relationships indicated statistical significance at the probability level of 0.01 for the simple standard relationship between the cultivated area as a dependent variable and each of the total agricultural area, the number of non-sustainable workers, the average annual wage of agricultural labour and the number of wells, and statistical significance at the probability level of 0.05 using stepwise regression analysis for these independent economic variables, it was found that the model containing the total agricultural area, the number of unskilled labour and the average annual wage of labour is the best model, due to the high value of the adjusted coefficient of determination, in addition to the significance of the regression coefficients and the significance of the model as a whole at the probability level of 0.01.
The Impact of Human Resources Practices on Lean Management A Field Study of Employees in the Ajdabiya Education Supervision Department
This study aimed to reveal the role of human resources practices in implementing lean management in the Ajdabiya Education Supervision from the employees' point of view. The study variables were human resources practices as an independent variable, and lean management as a dependent variable. To achieve the study objectives, the descriptive approach was used, by preparing a questionnaire consisting of (43) paragraphs distributed over five areas. The study sample consisted of (48) employees in the Ajdabiya Education Supervision, who were randomly selected. The study results showed that human resources practices play a role in implementing lean management in the Ajdabiya Education Supervision, as well as recommendations including linking training programs to the goals and requirements of lean management, and establishing a culture of continuous improvement among all stakeholders in organizations.
Recycling waste paper through the fermentation process for bioethanol Production as a renewable gasoline additive
In the work, discharged paper products were utilized to produce bioethanol using physicochemical treatment. This solid waste was subjected to the treatment with dilute sulfuric acid at varying concentrations and ratios to release a substantial amount of monosaccharides, which were subsequently fermented into bioethanol by S. cerevisiae. The best yield was obtained at a concentration of 1.5% acid at a ratio 1 gm/10 mL (solid to acid solution) that yielded 32%. To increase the purity of the bioethanol, distillation and molecular sieve as a drying agent were utilized, resulting in a bioethanol concentration of 98%. The produced bioethanol was characterized using FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. In addition, the bioethanol was blended with regular gasoline at different ratios to produce E0, E6, E8, E10 and E12 mixtures. The ASTM method was used to evaluate these mixtures, including RVP, RON, density and water content. It was observed that RVP values decreased while the density increased with increasing ethanol content in the mixture. However, the water content and RON of bioethanol-gasoline blends increased gradually with the addition of ethanol. The important aspect of this study is the production of bioethanol using an available and cheap feedstock using optimal conditions.
Security and Privacy in the Internet of Things: Issues, Challenges, and a Deep Learning-Based Intrusion Detection Framework
The Internet of Things (IoT) devices often lack robust defenses, making them easy targets for malware and network attacks. At the same time, pervasive data collection raises privacy concerns such as user profiling and location tracking. In this paper, we examine key IoT security and privacy issues and propose a machine learning-based intrusion detection framework. We design a deep neural network (multilayer perceptron) trained on a synthetic IoT traffic dataset to distinguish normal behavior from attacks. We compare its performance against several baseline classifiers. In our experiments, the proposed IDS achieves 97.8% accuracy (F1 score 96.5%), significantly outperforming traditional methods. This demonstrates the potential of adaptive learning for securing IoT networks. Our contributions include a comprehensive analysis of IoT threats and privacy challenges, a novel IDS design suited for resource-constrained networks, and a simulated evaluation framework. These results provide insights for building more secure, privacy-aware IoT systems.
The science of criticism and modification is one of the most prominent sciences that distinguished the Islamic nation in preserving the Sunnah of its Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him. It was distinguished by establishing precise critical principles for evaluating men and narrators. The disagreement among critics in their judgment of men is the focus of this research. Tracing the causes of disagreement, its types, and its effects, while highlighting the controls established by the people of hadith to control this disagreement, is the focus of this research.
the science of criticism and modification
Security Metrics for Assessing Security Risks of Software in Agile Development Methods
Agile methodologies have become key players in modern software development, offering flexibility, rapid and customer-focused delivery. Integrating security practices into Agile workflows is critical for building resilient and trustworthy systems. However, security practices alone provide limited visibility into an application’s actual security posture. To address this gap, Agile teams require quantifiable, actionable security metrics that enable continuous assessment and improvement of security integration throughout the development process, a task that remains challenging due to the lack of such measures. This paper proposes a set of security metrics designed to evaluate the effectiveness of security activities across key Agile phases: before, during, and after each iteration. The proposed metrics focus on measurable artefacts such as threat model coverage, security acceptance criteria, secure coding adherence, security testing results, and post-iteration vulnerability management. These measures aim to assess how effectively teams deliver secure software while maintaining agility.
Testing the relationship between VIX fear index and global gold prices: Using Granger causality test
This Paper aims to test the causal relationship between the Volatility Index (VIX) and global gold prices during the period from 4 January 2021 to 28 August 2025, using Granger causality testing within a vector autoregressive (VAR) model. The results indicate a unidirectional predictive causality from the VIX to gold prices, supporting gold's role as a hedging instrument during times of market uncertainty. The research recommends that investors and policymakers use the VIX as an early warning bell for potential market volatility, enabling them to adjust their investment strategies and manage risks effectively.
Antibacterial properties of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of ginger and anise plants against various types of bacteria
queous and alcoholic extracts of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and cumin (Pimpinella Anisum) were investigated For their antibacterial activity against four bacterial isolates. The bacteria isolated from UTI patiens , they were Staphylococcus aureus , klebsilella, pseudomonas and E.coli the bacterial isolates were identified using biochemical tests , the antibacterial actions or tasks performed by each extracts was evaluated by the disc diffusion method the alcoholic extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale ) showed a highest effect on Staphylococcus aureus with inhibition zone diameter 0.36mm folled by E.coli with inhibition zone diameter 0.11mm and there is no any inhibition zone on pseudomonas and klebsilla , the aqueous extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale) showed a highest effect on E.coli with inhibition zone diameter 0.11mm while there is no inhibition zone on Staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas, and klebsilla . The alcoholic extract of cumin (Pimpinella Anisum) showed a highest effect on Staphylococcus aureus with inhibition zone diameter 0.46 mm folled by E.coli with inhibition zone diameter 0.44mm , , pseudomonas with inhibition zone diameter 0.2mm and there is no any inhibition zone on klebsiella. the aqueous extract of cumin (Pimpinella Anisum) showed a highest effect on E.coli with inhibition zone diameter 0.25mm ,and klebsiella with inhibition zone diameter 0.23mm while there is no inhibition zone on Staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas.
Pimpinella anisum (Cumin) and Zingiber officinale (Ginger)
Effect of Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) Leaf Litter Decomposition on Mass Loss, Nitrogen Concentration Changes, and Soil Properties in the Al Jabal Al Akhdar Region, Libya
The objective of this study was to trace the dynamic changes of nitrogen during the process of mass loss throughout the decomposition stages of brown needle litter from Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) growing in the Green Mountain region of Libya. To achieve this goal, the litter bag technique was applied at three sites located at elevations of 800 m (Sidi Al-Hamri Forest), 600 m (Ain Al-Hafra Forest), and 400 m (Al-Mansoura “Al-Masaha”) above sea level. The experiment began in autumn and continued until spring. The results revealed two successive phases of nitrogen dynamics. The first phase was characterized by the rapid leaching of soluble nitrogen compounds caused by early autumn rainfall, followed by a phase of accumulation (immobilization) in which microorganisms colonizing the decomposing needles increased the total nitrogen content compared to the initial levels. The highest nitrogen accumulation was recorded at the 800 m site, where cooler and more humid climatic conditions enhanced microbial activity, while changes were less pronounced at the drier, lower-elevation sites. The mass loss rates varied among the three sites, showing similar general trends but differences in actual values, which led to fluctuations in nitrogen concentrations. The study identified an initial leaching phase of nitrogen, followed by an accumulation phase, confirming that the initial nutrient content of the litter, site fertility, and local climatic conditions interact to regulate both decomposition rates and nutrient cycling. These findings highlight the ecological importance of the forest litter layer as a natural reservoir of nitrogen, emphasizing the need to preserve it to sustain soil fertility and maintain the productivity of Aleppo pine forests in the Mediterranean environment.
The Escalation of Crime Against Women in Libyan Society in the Post-2011 Period: A Descriptive and Analytical Study Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
This study examines the escalation of crimes against women in Libya after 2011, as a result of the security chaos, political division, and weak institutions. It relies on a descriptive and analytical approach to study the social, economic, and cultural factors that fueled the phenomenon, and to monitor its patterns and impact on women and society. The results show that these crimes are not isolated incidents, but rather reflect structural patterns linked to a culture of impunity, weak laws, and patriarchal norms. The study also highlights the role of economic deprivation in exacerbating women's vulnerability. The study recommends the activation of legislation, the provision of psychological and social support centers, and the economic empowerment of women, while integrating their issues into national reconciliation processes.
The impact of using e-learning on developing creative thinking skills in mathematics among first-year secondary school students
The current study aims to identify the impact of using e-learning on developing creative thinking skills in mathematics for first-year secondary school students. The study used a quasi-experimental approach, and the study sample included two groups of first-year secondary school students at Muhammad Abdul Karim Secondary School in the city of Qarabulli. The study sample consisted of (50) male and female students, one of which was an experimental group consisting of (25) male and female students, and the other a control group consisting of (25) male and female students. The study was limited to testing creative thinking skills (fluency, originality, and flexibility). The study reached the following results: There was a statistically significant difference at the level of α<= 0.05 between the average scores of students in the experimental and control groups in the post-test of the creative thinking test, in favor of the experimental group students. There was a statistically significant difference at the level of α<= 0.05 between the average scores of students in the experimental group in the pre-test and post-test of the creative thinking test, in favor of the post-test.
Child Malnutrition and Its Associated Health Consequences in Al-Jufra, Libya (2016–2017)
Malnutrition remains a major public health challenge, and children, especially in developing regions, are disproportionately affected. This study investigates the prevalence, causes, and health consequences of malnutrition among children in the Al-Jufra region of Libya during 2016–2017. The research employed a cross-sectional design, collecting demographic, clinical, and nutritional data from children aged 1 day to 14 years. Results revealed that 43% of the studied children suffered from some form of malnutrition, with 30% of cases occurring in males and 13% in females. Anemia was the most common nutrition-related disorder, followed by protein-energy malnutrition (Kwashiorkor and Marasmus), while obesity was also noted as an emerging nutritional burden. Contributing factors included poor dietary practices, food insecurity, low parental awareness, and limited access to healthcare. These findings align with global patterns, particularly in regions undergoing nutritional transition where undernutrition and overnutrition coexist, creating a double burden of disease. The study highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions, including nutritional education, maternal awareness programs, food supplementation, and community-based health initiatives. Furthermore, it emphasizes the role of policy-driven strategies to improve agricultural productivity and food accessibility in rural Libya. By comparing local data with global reports, this paper provides insight into the broader implications of malnutrition and offers evidence-based recommendations for reducing child morbidity and mortality. Ultimately, tackling malnutrition requires a multidisciplinary approach that combines healthcare, education, social support, and sustainable development initiatives.
Local decentralization and its role in achieving sustainable development in Libyan society A field study of employees of the Zlitin Municipal Council
This study explores the role of local decentralization in achieving sustainable development, identifying the contributing factors to its success and the challenges it faces. Using a comprehensive social survey approach, the study targets 67 individuals, including employees of the Zliten Municipal Council. A questionnaire is used to collect data from the study population. The results highlight the positive impact of local decentralization on achieving sustainable development locally. The study also reveals several challenges facing the implementation of local decentralization, most notably political challenges, followed by economic and social challenges.