Civil judicial immunity under the provisions of international law

Abstract

Civil judicial immunity is a cornerstone of contemporary international law, aiming to balance state sovereignty with the protection of individuals' rights to litigation. It represents a legal constraint preventing national courts from exercising jurisdiction over foreign persons or entities, not as a personal privilege, but to ensure the orderly conduct of international relations and to embody the principle of "sovereign equality." This research seeks to clarify the limits of this immunity in light of legal developments that have begun to distinguish between sovereign acts and commercial acts of the state.