Electric Vehicle Technology and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Integration: Opportunities and Challenges
Abstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) are pivotal in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and decreasing dependence on fossil fuels. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, which enables bidirectional energy flow between EVs and the electrical grid, further enhances the utility of EVs. This paper examines the opportunities and challenges associated with V2G integration. It reviews advancements in EV battery technology, the expansion of charging infrastructure, and the mechanics of V2G systems. The potential benefits, including grid stability, renewable energy integration, and economic incentives for EV owners, are discussed alongside real-world case studies. Additionally, the paper addresses technical, economic, and regulatory challenges that impede widespread V2G adoption. By analyzing these factors, the paper provides insights into future directions for technology, policy, and market development to optimize V2G systems.
Keywords:
Electric Vehicles (EVs), Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), Battery Technology, Grid Stability, Renewable Energy Integration, Charging Infrastructure, Energy Management, Regulatory Challenges, Bidirectional Energy Flow, Sustainable Energy Systems.
How to Cite
Abdussalam Ali Ahmed, & Husin Y. ASubie. (2024). Electric Vehicle Technology and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Integration: Opportunities and Challenges. Bani Waleed University Journal of Humanities and Applied Sciences, 9(3), 574-590. https://doi.org/10.58916/jhas.vi.420
Issue
Section
Articles
References
1.
International Energy Agency (IEA). (2021). Global EV Outlook 2021. from IEA website
2.
Janek, J., & Zeier, W. G. (2016). A solid future for battery development. Nature Energy, 1(9), 1-4.
3.
BloombergNEF. (2020). Electric Vehicle Outlook 2020. from BloombergNEF website
4.
International Energy Agency (IEA). (2021). Global EV Outlook 2021. from IEA website
5.
Kempton, W., & Tomic, J. (2005). Vehicle-to-grid power implementation: From stabilizing the grid to supporting large-scale renewable energy. Journal of Power Sources, 144(1), 280-294.
6.
Liu, J., & Song, Y. (2019). Electric vehicle integration into modern power networks. Springer.
7.
Tushar, W., Saha, T. K., Yuen, C., Smith, D., & Poor, H. V. (2018). Peer-to-peer trading in electricity networks: An overview. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 11(4), 3185-3200.
8.
Enel X. (2021). V2G Project in Denmark. from Enel X website
9.
Han, S., Han, S., & Sezaki, K. (2010). Development of an optimal vehicle-to-grid aggregator for frequency regulation. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 1(1), 65-72.
10.
Liu, J., & Song, Y. (2019). Electric vehicle integration into modern power networks. Springer.
11.
California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). (2021). Vehicle-to-Grid Integration. from CPUC website
12.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2014). ISO 15118-1:2014 - Road vehicles -- Vehicle to grid communication interface -- Part 1: General information and use-case definition. from ISO website
13.
Gough, R., Dickerson, C., Rowley, P., & Walsh, C. (2017). Vehicle-to-grid feasibility: A techno-economic analysis of EV-based energy storage. Applied Energy, 192, 12-23.
14.
University of Delaware. (2016). Grid Integrated Vehicle with Vehicle to Grid Technology. from University of Delaware website
15.
Electric Nation. (2019). Smart Charging Trial Results. from Electric Nation website
16.
Noel, L., McCormack, R., & Jabbari, F. (2019). A cost benefit analysis of a V2G-capable electric school bus compared to a traditional diesel school bus. Applied Energy, 225, 225-234.
17.
Andersen, P. B., & Mathews, J. (2018). Modeling the benefits of vehicle-to-grid technology to the electricity markets. Energy, 150, 75-84.
18.
Kristoffersen, T. K., Capion, K., & Meibom, P. (2011). Optimal charging of electric drive vehicles in a market environment. Applied Energy, 88(5), 1940-1948.
19.
Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2020). Annual Energy Outlook 2020. U.S. Department of Energy.
20.
Peterson, S. B., Whitacre, J. F., & Apt, J. (2010). The economics of using plug-in hybrid electric vehicle battery packs for grid storage. Journal of Power Sources, 195(8), 2377-2384.
21.
Lund, H., & Kempton, W. (2008). Integration of renewable energy into the transport and electricity sectors through V2G. Energy Policy, 36(9), 3578-3587.
22.
Liu, C., Chau, K. T., Wu, D., & Gao, S. (2013). Opportunities and challenges of vehicle-to-home, vehicle-to-vehicle, and vehicle-to-grid technologies. Proceedings of the IEEE, 101(11), 2409-2427.
23.
Noel, L., & Sovacool, B. K. (2016). A qualitative review of building and transport decarbonization scenarios with a focus on electric vehicles and vehicle-to-grid technology. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 68(1), 191-204.
24.
Shinzaki, S., Sadano, H., & Yamaguchi, S. (2015). A business case for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) fleet participation in the regulation market. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 6(2), 1090-1096.
25.
Muratori, M., & Rizzoni, G. (2016). Residential demand response: Dynamic pricing versus system optimization. Energy and Buildings, 113, 19-29.
26.
Goodenough, J. B., & Park, K. S. (2013). The Li-ion rechargeable battery: A perspective. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 135(4), 1167-1176.
27.
Schimpe, M., Naumann, M., Truong, C. N., Hesse, H. C., Santhanagopalan, S., Saxon, A., & Jossen, A. (2018). Energy efficiency evaluation of a stationary lithium-ion battery container storage system via electro-thermal modeling and detailed component analysis. Applied Energy, 210, 211-229.
28.
Momoh, J. A., & Meliopoulos, A. P. (2001). Real-time power system analysis: Methods for tracking operational limits. Proceedings of the IEEE, 89(12), 2048-2059.
29.
Guille, C., & Gross, G. (2009). A conceptual framework for the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) implementation. Energy Policy, 37(11), 4379-4390.
30.
Chapman, A. C., & Verbič, G. (2017). Flexible demand for frequency control: Experimental results on a large-scale low-inertia power system. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 32(1), 127-136.
31.
Mengelkamp, E., Gärttner, J., Rock, K., Kessler, S., Orsini, L., & Weinhardt, C. (2018). Designing microgrid energy markets: A case study: The Brooklyn Microgrid. Applied Energy, 210, 870-880.
32.
Dallinger, D., Krampe, D., & Wietschel, M. (2011). Vehicle-to-grid regulation reserves based on a dynamic simulation of mobility behavior. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2(2), 302-313.
33.
Wang, S., Zeng, X., & Li, Y. (2016). Electric vehicle battery thermal management system with thermoelectric cooling. Energy, 113, 1216-1225.
34.
Zhang, C., De Vos, K., Deconinck, G., & Belmans, R. (2013). Implementation and assessment of an international smart grid pilot project. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 24, 468-477.
35.
ANNUAL UPDATE ON THE GLOBAL TRANSITION TO ELECTRIC VEHICLES: 2021 https://theicct.org/publication/global-ev-update-2021-jun22/
36.
ELECTRIC VEHICLE CAPITALS: ACCELERATING ELECTRIC MOBILITY IN A YEAR OF DISRUPTION https://theicct.org/publication/electric-vehicle-capitals-accelerating-electric-mobility-in-a-year-of-disruption/
37.
Vadi, S., Bayindir, R., Colak, A. M., & Hossain, E. (2019). A review on communication standards and charging topologies of V2G and V2H operation strategies. Energies, 12(19), 3748.
38.
Adel Ramadan Hussien Mohamed and Abdussalam Ali Ahmed, Solar energy roles in charging electric vehicles, GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 2023, 16(03), 045–052
39.
Mohamed Khaleel, Ziyodulla Yusupov, Abdussalam Ahmed, Abdulgader Alsharif, Yasser Nassar, and Hala El-khozondar, Towards Sustainable Renewable Energy, Applied Solar Energy, 2023, Vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 557–567. © Allerton Press, Inc., 2023.
40.
I. Imbayah, O. A. Eseid, K. Akter, A. Alsharif, and A. Ali Ahmed, “Recent Developments in EV Charging Infrastructure: Opportunities and IoE Framework Challenges”, Int. J. Electr. Eng. and Sustain., vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 47–63, Nov. 2023.
41.
A. Alsharif, C. W. Tan, R. Ayop, A. Ali Ahmed, M. Mohamed Khaleel and A. K. Abobaker, "Power Management and Sizing Optimization for Hybrid Grid-Dependent System Considering Photovoltaic Wind Battery Electric Vehicle," 2022 IEEE 2nd International Maghreb Meeting of the Conference on Sciences and Techniques of Automatic Control and Computer Engineering (MI-STA), 2022, pp. 645-649, doi: 10.1109/MI-STA54861.2022.9837749.
